Valid General Claims

To check the validity of a claim one uses a direct way of reasoning with all or arguing backwards with all. The direct way of reasoning (valid reasoning) is as follows: All S are P, a is S, so a is P, All S are P + a is S, therefore a is P. Now an example of this is given as: All dogs bark, everything that barks is a mammal, So all dogs are mammals. We would draw a diagram to see if this is valid. the "dogs" would be inside the "things that bark" category and "the things that bark" would be inside the "mammals" category. So everything overlaps showing that all premises are true, therefore the conclusion must be true.

Now for a real life example I will talk about my cell phone. All cell phones need to be charged. All things that need to be charged is electronic. So my cell phone is electronic. This is a direct way of reasoning that is valid.